Dublin Declaration of Action (2004)
The declaration on HIV and AIDS in prisons in Europe and Central Asia describes the magnitude of the HIV and AIDS problem in prisons and asserts the legal and ethical responsibility of states to intervene now and protect prisoners’ human rights.

Final Report on Prevention, Treatment, and Harm Reduction Services in Prison, on Reintegration Services from Prison and Methods to Monitor/Analyse Drug use among Prisoners (2008)
Bremen Institute for Drug Research (BISDRO), Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (CIAR), Scientific Institute of the German Medical Association
The report evaluates the effects of substitution treatment in seven European prisons; finds widespread benefits for both prisoners and staff and includes models of good practice of OST provision in prisons.

HIV and AIDS in Places of Detention (2008)
UNODC, WHO, UNAIDS
This toolkit is part of a set of documents produced by United Nations agencies to provide evidence-based guidance on HIV in prisons. It is divided into five modules: (1) Background information for all on HIV in prisons and links to prison reform and human rights; (2) Information for policymakers; (3) Information for prison management; (4) Information for prison staff and outside program providers; (5) Information for prison health staff.

Opioid Substitution Treatment in Custodial Settings: A Practical Guide (2008)
World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
This WHO/UNODC guide, while emphasizing that prisons are not appropriate settings for treatment and calling for alternatives to incarceration, reaffirms the rights of those in custody to receive the highest attainable standard of health and toward that end, provides technical information and support to service providers supporting or delivering substitution treatment for opiate dependency.

Report of the Special Rapporteur on Prevention of Torture and Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment to the Human Rights Council (2009)
Manfred Nowak, Special Rapporteur on the prevention of torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment
The Special Rapporteur’s report calls for a human rights-based approach to drug policy and contains a series of conclusions on drug policy, including the treatment of drug users in prison, forced testing, and palliative care. The report emphasizes the need to protect the rights of drug users in detention including ensuring access to opioid substitution therapy and needle and syringe exchange in prisons.

The Treatment and Supervision of Drug-Dependent Offenders: A Review of the Literature (2008)
Institute for Criminal Policy Research (ICPR) at King’s College for the UK Drug Policy Commission
This background paper finds that the interventions for reducing illicit drug use and offending behaviors that have the most substantial evidence base include alternatives to incarceration (drug court approach), therapeutic communities, and substitution treatment within prisons and the community.

Women and HIV in Prison Settings (2008)
UNODC, UNAIDS
This document examines reasons for women’s increased vulnerability to HIV in prison and makes recommendations for responding to women’s specific needs in prison including development of alternatives to incarceration, involvement of women prisoners in provision of health services, ensuring health services equivalent to those available in the community, and providing comprehensive HIV prevention, care, and treatment including sterile injecting equipment, OST, ARVs, and PMTCT.